Solana Observatory for Network Decentralization Analysis

The Solana network, mapped and verified.

Epoch 954 35.44% complete Snapshot: Fri, 10 Apr 2026 11:37:17 UTC

Network Health

Current state of the validator set and cluster performance.

Active Validators
769
of 796 total, 27 offline
Delinquent Stake ? Percentage of total stake held by validators that are behind on voting. Below 1% is healthy.
0.03%
of total active stake
Skip Rate ? Stake-weighted average of leader slots skipped. Lower is better. A healthy network stays below 1%.
0.22%
stake-weighted
RPC Nodes
184
public RPC endpoints
Top Client Versions
3.1.11 406 validators
3.1.10 104 validators
3.1.12 133 validators

Decentralization

How distributed is stake across countries, networks, and individual validators?

Market Concentration (HHI) ? Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. Used in economics to measure market concentration. Below 1500 is competitive. Above 2500 means a few players dominate.

Imagine all validator stake as a market. HHI tells you how monopolized it is. A score near zero means thousands of equal players. A score near 10,000 means one player controls everything.

1466 by country Competitive
1383 by network provider Competitive
Stake Inequality (Gini) ? Gini coefficient measures inequality. 0 means all validators have equal stake. 1 means one validator holds all stake. Same scale economists use for wealth inequality.

Think of it like income inequality, but for stake. A high Gini means a few validators hold most of the stake, while hundreds of smaller validators share the rest.

0.752 across all validators High inequality
Nakamoto Coefficient ? Minimum number of independent entities that together control 33%+ of stake. Higher means more decentralized.
ASN ? One network provider (TERASWITCH) hosts enough validators to exceed 33% of stake alone. This is a known concentration risk in Solana infrastructure.
1
Critical
Country ? Two countries (US and Germany) together hold over 33% of stake. Geographic concentration creates regulatory and infrastructure risk.
2
Critical
City ? Two cities (Frankfurt and Amsterdam) together exceed 33% of stake. Most validators cluster in major European datacenter hubs.
2
Critical
Validator ? It takes 20 independent validators to reach 33% of stake. This is the strongest dimension - no single validator dominates.
20
Good

Infrastructure Coverage

Adoption of advanced networking infrastructure across the validator set.

DoubleZero
? A private fiber network connecting Solana validators, bypassing the public internet for faster and more reliable block propagation.
454
validators connected
57.0%
of all validators
49.8%
of total stake
96 devices 路 105 RPC nodes 路 165/166 links healthy
Jito BAM
? Block-level Attestation Mechanism by Jito. Coordinates validators for more efficient MEV handling and block building.
355
validators connected
28.1%
of total stake
13
BAM nodes
+ More sections in development: Validators Table, Per-validator History, Endpoint Monitor, Geo Discrepancy Analysis, Datacenter Pages, Historical Charts.

Geographic Distribution

Validator count by country. 15 countries represented.

馃嚛馃嚜 DE
167
22.9% stake
馃嚦馃嚤 NL
139
23.2% stake
馃嚭馃嚫 US
123
11.8% stake
馃嚡馃嚨 JP
74
10.3% stake
馃嚫馃嚞 SG
55
3.2% stake
馃嚞馃嚙 GB
38
8.8% stake
馃嚙馃嚪 BR
28
0.8% stake
馃嚟馃嚢 HK
19
0.7% stake
馃嚤馃嚬 LT
16
4.5% stake
馃嚚馃嚘 CA
15
6.5% stake

About SONDA

What is SONDA?

SONDA started as private scripts to cross-verify validator geolocation while choosing a datacenter for the Solya validator. Existing tools reported conflicting locations, so we built a multi-source verification pipeline instead.

The result is an open-source observatory tracking where validators actually run, how infrastructure coverage evolves over time, and what decentralization looks like in practice.

What makes it different?

  • 4-source geo cross-verification per IP (DB-IP, IPInfo, GeoJS, ip-api)
  • Discrepancy detection - flags validators where sources disagree
  • Full location history since 2021 across 785+ epochs
  • DoubleZero and Jito BAM integration with live data
  • Three clusters: mainnet, testnet, devnet
  • Open source - github.com/SolyaUk/sonda